Am J Psychiatr 160:1041–1052Ĭhudasama Y, Robbins TW (2003) Dissociable contributions of the orbitofrontal and infralimbic cortex to Pavlovian autoshaping and discrimination reversal learning: further evidence for the functional heterogeneity of the rodent frontal cortex. J Gambl Stud 19:53–84Ĭhambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN (2003) Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability. NeuroToxicology 72:61–73Ĭhambers RA, Potenza MN (2003) Neurodevelopment, impulsivity, and adolescent gambling. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 25(2):64īoomhower SR, Newland MC (2019) d-Amphetamine and methylmercury exposure during adolescence alters sensitivity to monoamine uptake inhibitors in adult mice. īoomhower SR, Newland MC (2017) Effects of adolescent exposure to methylmercury and d-amphetamine on reversal learning and an extradimensional shift in male mice.
J Neurosci 20:4320–4324īissonette GB, Martins GJ, Franz TM, Harper ES, Schoenbaum G, Powell EM (2008) Double dissociation of the effects of medial and orbital prefrontal cortical lesions on attentional and affective shifts in mice.
The Guilford Pressīirrell JM, Brown VJ (2000) Medial frontal cortex mediates perceptual attentional set shifting in the rat. Īndersen SL, Thompson AT, Rutstein M, Hostetter JC, Teicher MH (2000) Dopamine receptor pruning in prefrontal cortex during the periadolescent period in rats. Phytother Res 17:703–712Īndersen SL, Rutstein M, Benzo JM, Hostetter JC, Teicher MH (1997) Sex differences in dopamine receptor overproduction and elimination. KeywordsĪbourashed EA, El-Alfy AT, Khan IA, Walker L (2003) Ephedra in perspective – a current review. Further, evidence suggests that adolescent amphetamine exposure alters monoamine signaling and increases sensitivity to drugs that act on dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin later in life. A number of studies implicate prefrontal cortex function following repeated use of amphetamines (and other psychomotor stimulants) during the adolescent period. Cognitive flexibility, a measure of prefrontal function, can be probed through the use of behavioral procedures, such as reversal learning and extradimensional shifting. During the adolescent period, monoamine neurotransmitter systems (particularly dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) undergo continued development, and evidence from experimental animal models suggests that repeated use of amphetamines during this time can impact behavioral processes that rely on monoamine systems throughout the lifespan. Although clinical uses of amphetamines exist for adolescents, most notably for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, the repeated recreational or illicit use of amphetamines during this time period has implications for long-term brain and behavioral development.
The recognition of the adolescent period as a time of increased drug use and potential vulnerability to the neurobehavioral effects of repeated drug use has existed for many years.
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